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Light pollution to surface Peralba


The sources of the Piave, at the foot of Mount Peralba, lugo in Italy are the darkest I could find so far. At the zenith of summer (and therefore with the constellation Cygnus above his head) I recorded SQM values \u200b\u200baround 21.5-21.7, respectively August 29, 2008, October 25, 2008 and July 25, 2009.
At these levels, the difference with a perfect site, as might be Namibia, is on the horizon. That little light that comes, and that Abbas few tenths of the zenith, the horizon comes.
Inspired by the great American parks monitoring , I thought about doing something similar. During the last exit on 25 July, at about 2 am I made a series of photographs along the southern horizon, then I made here in the panoramic photo above (click the photos to see details).
The photographs were exposed to ISO 1600, for 30 seconds at F3, 5, 18 mm focal length, with a Canon EOS 1000D. I processed the RAW image to a color temperature of 4600 ° K (10% less than the standard to play, as possibilie, la sensibilità spettrale scotopica, che ha il massimo a circa 500 nm, cioè il 10% in meno rispetto alla sensibilità fotopica che è 550 nm). Nella elaborazione dei RAW ho anche sfrtuttato la correzione della illuminazione al bordo (un flat sintetico) della fotocamera. Non ho sottratto Dark frames.
Il livello di esposizione è superiore alla sensibilità dell'occhio: per esempio solo la nuvoletta sopra Tolmezzo era vagamente percepibile, non le altre. Nel complesso si poteva notare il chiarore a Sud ma la foto da una impressione molto più enfatizzata di quanto si potesse percepire dal vivo. L'enfasi è voluta per evidenziare le sorgenti di inquinamento luminoso.
Nella foto, aiutandomi con le stelle di campo, I found the directions East, South and West and have also indicated the horizon (0 °) and a line height to 20 ° (where the effect of the IL is completely sold out). The Mountain SSO to get to 17 degrees altitude, to the south there is a fork in the direction Ampezzo, Cima Sappada, while at ESE is a fork with free horizon that points to the Friuli plain.
With the help of Google Earth I rebuilt the directions of the major population centers and I scored in the bottom of the picture. From East to West we order:

Pierabec, 5.5 kilometers (a few dozen souls, perhaps).
Avoltri Forni, 6.6 km, 700 inhabitants.
Tolmezzo, 33.5 km, 10,700 inhabitants.
Udine, 75 km, 99100 inhabitants (in the direction of Udine, there are also small towns in Pesarina Buia and NO in Udine).
Ampezzo, 23.5 km, 1100 inhabitants (in the direction of Ampezzo, there is also some small town in Pesarina).
Cima Sappada, 6 km (including residents in those Sappada).
Sappada, 6.5 km, 1300 inhabitants (including Cima Sappada).
Santo Stefano di Cadore, 14 km, 3000 inhabitants (in the direction of St. Stephen there's San Pietro di Cadore, 11 km, 1800 anime).
Comelico, 9 km, 4200 inhabitants (excluding Santo Stefano and San Pietro).
Padola, 11.5 km, 950 inhabitants.
San Candido and Dobbiaco, 35-38 km, a total of 6400 inhabitants. You can do some

interesting considerations. The mountains of Carnia are relatively low and little shield. It 's interesting to note that the worst pollution comes from Tolmezzo (33 km) and Udine (75 km), while in the direction of Comelico with nearly the same population of Tolmezzo, at a distance of only, 11 km pollution is much less . The mountains of Comelico are very steep, and the light from the valley can only go out on a lot inclianata direction, and does little damage. Instead, in the direction of the Friuli mountains are lower than the proportion of the sources of the Piave try to free up the horizon is 0 ° and you can see the clouds over the Friuli, lit from below (not seen, fortunately directly plains) . The direction
NO, ritratta nell'articolo del 25 luglio 2009 è quasi perfetta. Osservando attentamente si nota che l'orizzonte è leggermente inquinato da Dobbiaco e San Candido (se ci fosse solo airglow dovrebbe scurirsi sotto i 10° di altezza quando prevale l'estinzione). Ciò nonostante la direzione è molto molto buona e corrisponde ad una classe di Bortle fra 2 e 1 (airglw ben visibile). Da notare che le nuvole sono completamente nere.
La direzine Sud è un po' inquinata dalle luci di Sappada, Cima Sappada e oltre, ma le nuvole sono ancora scure.
La direzione SE è la peggiore e qua le nuvole cominciano a essere debolmente illuminate (a occhio nudo appaiono molto deboli) e questa direzione ha caratteristiche di Bortle 3.

I then processed the images obtained the contours of the intensity surface as the site of the American parks. The following figure shows the isophotes corresponding to 20, 20.5, 21, 21.5 mag arcsec square. It 'also see the Milky Way and the Shield. In a southerly direction on 21.5 is reached around 30 ° in height (but there is also the effect of the Milky Way. Westbound on 21.5 airglow is around 15 degrees altitude. The clouds above have Tolmezzo magnitude surface 20 . The isophotes of 21.0 is in some way limit the polluted area, which unfortunately coincides with the South, up to about 20 degrees altitude.
Val Visdende is in the westerly direction, The dairy Silvella towards NO and should be a really remarkable site.



It is also interesting to compare with American sites listed in the link above. Nearly all suffer from similar circumstances, with lights that also came from hundreds of km (the flat board does not provide defense) and the isophotes of magnitude sperficiale 21 which also extend over 30 ° high.

Do You Feel Wet Before Your Period

magnitude of the telescope (2) Update statistics


Some time ago I wrote an article in which he explained that the extended magnitude surface of an object seen through a telescope is less than the magnitude of the surface with the naked eye. This fact, contrary to common sense, può essere facilmente dimostrato con dei semplici ragionamenti di tipo fisico e matematico, come nell'articolo citato.
Non sono solo io a dire che le cose stanno così e non sono nemmeno stato il primo. Fra chi, prima di me, ha riflettuto su questo cito Bill Ferris , Roger Clark , Mel Bartels e Nils Olof Carlin .

Sebbene la matematica e la fisica non lascino scampo, sembra però difficile accettare la realtà che le immagini al telescopio abbiano una intensità superficiale inferiore a quella ad occhio nudo. La parola "superficiale" è in grassetto non a caso, perché spesso chi obietta che le formule devono essere sbagliate, in really did not understand the concept of intensity surface and forms part of the integrated intensity. Objections such as "the moon to the naked eye and dazzle telescope no" or "M51 is seen through a telescope but not to the naked eye" should be the intent of those who object, clear evidence that there is something wrong with the formulas .

people literally believe what they see "and it is difficult to convince them that we do not see reality, but the result of a complex process of visual signal processing. The interpretation and attribution of meaning to what we "see" alters our perceptions. Colors, shapes, etc.. as it is not a transposition of what the human eye receives, but the result of an unconscious interpretation.
In this case, the impression we have of an object, or see it or not, depends on the surface inetnsità, but by contrast with the background and the apparent size. This "discovery" of the need to Richard Blackwell, who in his study " Contrast Threshold of the Human Eye " Half a century ago revealed (it's appropriate to say) as the recognition of an object depends more on the size and the apparent contrast of surface brightness. And fortunately, otherwise the telescope would be useless!

a telescope M51 is less bright to the naked eye, but much bigger to the point that the brain recognizes it, because it "believes" the information that comes from a large number of receptors (rods), whereas very few receptors to the naked eye and brain perceive it does not consider it significant.

Gia ... but ... Back objection: "dazzles the Moon through a telescope," "M42 is brighter, and so on. etc..

But is this really true? Surprisingly it is quite easy to verify that the accounts are correct. To do this simply rely on a digital camera, which does not "influence" from the processes of signal processing in the brain.

I took a photo of the Moon (click to see better) with the following settings: focal length 55 mm, F5, 6 (9.8 mm entrance pupil), ISO 100 and exposure time 1 / 60 second. It obviously has been captured in RAW. Then I photographed the image seen in the 15x70 binoculars. Of course the camera did not have the "conscience" of the fact that the new image was the binoculars, and saw the brilliance of the new image.
is not difficult to see the new image has an intensity lower surface. Just read the levels on the moon on the right and left. The relationship between the intensities of the two moons, estimated on RAW images, is about 4.4 (The Moon has a small intensity 4.4 times the Moon's surface large).

But it should be according to formula della "teoria"? Secondo la formula della "incredibile teoria" l'intensità al binocolo, senza contare le perdite di luce, dovrebbe essere il rapporto al quadrato fra la pupilla di ingresso della fotocamera (d nella formula) e la pupilla di uscita del binocolo (che è 70/15=4.66 mm). Fatto il calcolo risulta: (9.8/4.66)^2=... 4.4!!

Accidenti: la sperimentazione conferma la teoria!

E ora come si fa a sostenere che le immagini al telescopio sono più brillanti e che (una delle conseguenze) si possono vedere i colori con un diametro sufficiente?

Images Of Decks With Small Ponds

SQM


Ho aggiornato il grafico relativo alla statistica del buio a Casera Razzo. Seems to notice a trend: the spring and summer months (from February to August) are on average the darkest of winter months (October to December).

Giro Fuse Helmet Ipod

Starmap Pro: field test!


10, 11 and 12 June I did a more thorough test of Starmap Pro . Place of trial: the field behind my house (waiting for the dark sky).
But first things first.

1) The preparation of the list. I made the list by looking at the Sky Atlas and choosing some objects. If you have NGC or IC using the search function in the internal catalog, or using the search function on the network that operates in the SIMBAD catalog and adding them to the list of favorites. Sometimes I gave look at the photos on SIMBAD. In the picture (click to enlarge) you see in Sky Atlas vdB126 and watch list (imported from SIMBAD). You can add any thing in the picture you see other exotic objects such Sh2-64, SN 1671, PN Na 1 exc. Just knowing the identity and the search function in Internet download all data, including the location of the object, which in effect becomes an object of Starmap Pro
This is the list made for the occasion:

NGC6229 , a globular cluster in Hercules from the parts of M92, but much smaller.
NGC5446, a galaxy in Bootes (just to see how it feels under a sky of the plains).
NGC5375, a galaxy in CNV.
M3 (at least a globular star show) a little 'hard to tracing.
NGC4565, galaxy in Coma Berenices cutting.
M63, the galaxy "sunflower" in CNV.
M94, another galaxy of 8.2 mv in CNV.
M99, the galaxy that I remember seeing the three spirals CR, mv 9.8.
M5, in other globle Snake.
M12 and M10 in Ophiuchus globular.
NGC6309 (Box Nebula), planetary in Ophiuchus.
NGC6572, another planet in Ophiuchus.
IC4565, open cluster in Ophiuchus.
NGC6426, a globular cluster in Ophiuchus 11.2 mv.

and then I decided to switch to more exotic things:

PN VV 171 (PK 038 +12.1), a 12th planet in Ophiuchus.
SN 1671, in Supernova Remnant Cefeo (questa mi è scappata, non volevo osservare in Cefeo).
Sh2-64, nebulosa a emissione fra Ofiuco e Scudo.
vdB 126, stella con nebulosa (quella in foto, cliccare per ingrandire).

e poi sono ritornato a oggetti più "normali":

NGC6823, ammasso aperto in Volpetta.
NGC6813, nebulosa in Volpetta.
NGC6834, ammasso aperto in Cigno.
NGC6842, planetaria in Volpetta.

Facendo la lista si ha l'impressione di avere tutto a portata di mano, tanto è facile inserire qualsiasi oggetto e importarlo. Bn presto ci si rende conto che è meglio fermarsi, perchè la lista è fin troppo lunga.

2) Sul campo ho voluto provare to target an object with the traditional system (enhanced map finder). Suffering .... should be around here ... a bit 'more about ... stelleina that there is but you should see this ..

3) Forget it. first object NGC 6229. The software offers a departure from beta Draconis. The aim beta draconis in a moment. It switches to the finder and you see the field around a beta. Wow is the same as in the finder vero.Il course shows a line drawn from beta and will end on 6229. Damn this is not in
seeker. Patience ... follow the stars along the line and hop hop hop ... the line ends. Just put the field stars as they appear in the thing. It goes to the eyepiece and BANG! E' là.

4) Trovare le planetarie con aspetto stellare è un gioco da ragazzi.Volendo si
fa star hopping anche all'oculare. Ho inserito in lista anche cose elusive: galsssiette che non si vedevano ma si riconoscevano i campi stellari.

5) Avendo l'attrezzo finisce che si prede appunti. Click e compare oggetto,
altezza, azimut ora e si è pronti con le note. Ovviamente si finisce per perdere un sacco di tempo a prendere note.

Ecco le mie note, nelle due sere:

10-11/06/2009

22.23 NGC6229 Alt 66.17° Az 72.51° Granuloso 172x SQM 18.20 260x Nucleo con alone vagamente granuloso.
22.39 mv 4.8 (52 Her) Alt 68-09° Az 77.33 ° 52.40 °
22:52 NGC5446 Alt Az 201.56 is practically invisible. 23:23
mv 4.9 (Stable) Az Alt 78.30 ° 102.56 °
23:38 NGC5375 Alt Az 63.38 241.38 Vaga 86x
23:45 M3 Alt 59.40 ° Az 247.12 · Fixed 170x 260X (best) 360X.
00:05 M12 Az Alt 41.84 ° 167.50 ° star brightest resolved. Alone diaphanous. 172x best. 18.64 SQM. 00:25
NGC6572 Alt 45.60 ° 142.76 ° Small Az 260X 360X NNW elongated elliptical.
00:32 IC4665 Az Alt 47.55 ° 154.42 ° a few scattered stars 86x. 00:53 BSI
126 ° 52.38 Alt Az 114.62 only the star is visible. 12/06/2009 22:56



mv 4.7 (6U-Her) Az Alt 80.58 ° 81.94 ° 18.66 SQM.
23.09 NGC6229 Az Alt 75.43 ° 74.46 ° 260X granular core alone. 23:19
NGC4565 Alt Az 256.25 49.88 ° is visible elongated NE 172x 86x LPS filter useless.
23:34 M63 Sunflower Galaxy Az Alt 62.76 ° 276.32 ° core, faint elongated halo.
23:40 M94 Az Alt 57.05 ° 278.92 ° bright core and two concentric halos 130x. 23:53
Box Nebula Az Alt 29.59 ° 160.83 130x LPS filter is visible. 23:56
mv 4.9 (Stable) Az Alt 84.53 ° 129.46 ° 19.75 SQM